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Criminal Justice

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Are More Criminal Justice Reforms on the Horizon for 2015?

2014/12/29 – 2014 was a year, as many are, of modest steps forward and a few steps back in criminal justice reform. But the national focus on flaws in our criminal justice system could lead to stronger reforms in 2015.

The year proved to be a victory for those advocating for changes in drug laws. In November, voters in Oregon, Alaska, and Washington D.C. voted to legalize marijuana, while New York City Police officers will issue summonses in lieu of arrest for possession of small amounts of marijuana — a marked shift from the nation’s mood in June of 1971 when President Richard Nixon officially declared a “war on drugs” and stated that drug abuse is “public enemy number one.”

The Justice Department took a big step forward this year by reforming overly harsh sentencing laws. At Attorney General Eric Holder’s request, the U.S. Sentencing Commission amended federal sentencing guidelines to reduce the average sentence length for most drug trafficking offenders by 18 percent. Additionally, Holder continued to advocate for “Smart on Crime” policies, which he describes as “a targeted effort to enhance the way we charge, sentence, and release individuals in order to end this country’s overreliance on incarceration and to promote efforts that give people the tools they need to return to their communities and lead better and more productive lives.”

2014 also saw legislative efforts to roll back America’s punitive criminal justice policies. Sens. Cory Booker (D-NJ) and Rand Paul (R-Kent.) introduced the REDEEM Act, which aims to keep juveniles out of the adult criminal justice system and incentives states to make it easier for formerly incarcerated adults to have their criminal records sealed. Sens. Dick Durbin’s (D-Ill.) and Mike Lee’s (R-Utah) also introduced legislation, the Smarter Sentencing Act, which received wide sponsorship in the Senate. The bill reduces some mandatory minimum sentences and allows individuals sentenced under the old crack cocaine–powder cocaine laws to petition for a sentence reduction based on new provisions in the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act.

Conservatives also continued to champion the need for reform this year. A panel at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) addressed how to recalibrate the American criminal justice system so that it is focused more on rehabilitation than simple retribution. Panel members included the director of the American Conservative Union’s Center for Criminal Justice Reform Pat Nolan, president of Americans for Tax Reform Grover Norquist, Texas Gov. Rick Perry (a possible GOP presidential candidate), and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik.

There was also a tremendous movement in the states to reduce the number of people who are incarcerated. Currently, more than 86 percent of prisoners in the U.S. are in state facilities. Idaho passed legislation that, among other things, restructures parole to prioritize prison space for violent and high-risk offenders.  Mississippi enacted a package of reforms aimed at refocusing prison space on violent and career criminals in addition to providing more resources to probation and parole services. In California, a state that is struggling to control its inmate population, voters authorized Proposition 47 which retroactively classifies six low-level felony offenses as misdemeanors. San Francisco, Washington D.C., and states such as Delaware, Illinois, Nebraska, and New Jersey also adopted ban the box policies which removed questions related to criminal records from employment applications.

Also promising this year, the U.S. executed the fewest number of people under the death penalty in two decades. Thirty-five inmates were executed this year down from 98 executions in 1999. The majority of those executions, or 80 percent, were carried out in only three states: Florida, Texas, and Missouri. Additionally, seven death row inmates were exonerated this year, the most recent on December 9th in Ohio.

There were also other signs that people are waking up to our nation’s addiction to mass incarceration, including a whopping $50 million grant to the American Civil Liberties Union’s political arm to reduce incarceration by 50 percent over an eight year span.  The National Academy of Sciences also issued a 464-page report this year urging the nation to revise criminal justice policies to significantly reduce imprisonment rates. The Brookings Institution’s Hamilton Project also shed light on the country’s $80 billion a year in direct corrections expenses in a recent report. And, more than a million people viewed the VlogBrothers’ four-minute video focusing on how the war on crime is failed policy and that, “It’s cruel, it’s shortsighted, and to continue this policy of mass incarceration would be foolish. We’re living inside of a massive $75 billion per year failed experiment.”

Sadly, despite well-intentioned efforts made toward improving how we treat those who come into contact with the criminal justice system, most will remember 2014 for the cases of Eric Garner and Michael Brown. 2014 will inevitably be written into the history books as the year two grand juries in two separate cases in two different states voted not to indict white police officers who used what many believed was excessive force exerted upon unarmed African American civilians that resulted in their deaths. It will forever be known for its hashtags such as #ICantBreathe, #blacklivesmatter, #HandsUpDon’tShoot, and #justiceformikebrown.

Since these lack of indictments were announced, less than a month apart, legislators have introduced grand jury reform legislation and President Obama appointed a Task Force on 21st Century Policing. The White House blog announcing the task force states that it “will examine how to strengthen public trust and foster strong relationships between local law enforcement and the communities that they protect, while also promoting effective crime reduction.” While the Task Force was in the works before these grand jury decisions were announced, the group’s recommendations will be carefully followed by many Americans in 2015. And, earlier this summer, after the photographs and videos of police in riot gear as a response to violence in Ferguson, Missouri, were tweeted, posted, and carried by national media, President Obama directed a review of federal programs and funding that allow state and local law-enforcement agencies to acquire surplus military equipment.

It’s been a busy year for those working to improve the criminal justice system. The seeds sown for reform in 2014 have the potential for genuine change in 2015. With violent crime rates continuing a downward trend, communities reporting less fear of crime, major federal reviews of policing and grants programs, bipartisan legislation pending in Congress, and a 2016 presidential campaign about to kick into high gear, 2015 has the prospect of serving as an important year for those who wish to improve the fairness, efficiency, and justice of America’s criminal justice system.

 

Source: Huffington Post

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Democrats, why aren’t you listening to the protests?

2015/1/5-National Democratic leaders, fresh from a shellacking in congressional districts and statehouses from coast to coast, should wake up to the reality that the party’s path to electoral power runs through the streets, where an energized portion of the party’s base has been marching for many months.

On three hot-button issues — climate change, higher pay for fast-food workers and fairness in the criminal justice system — left-leaning Americans have mounted sophisticated, passionate campaigns that have sparked and swayed public conversation.

The question is whether Democrats, whose electoral losses can be traced back to low voter participation, will follow the lead of activists whose numbers have been swelling throughout 2014.

Right now, things don’t look too hopeful. Instead of drawing on the energy and creativity of the activists, Democratic leaders are engaging in a round of finger-pointing, blaming one another for errors of timing and messaging that contributed to the recent electoral losses.

Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, who as chairman of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee had the task of developing a winning message for the party this year, recently delivered an extraordinary speechchastising his fellow Dems for pursuing President Obama’s signature issue of health care reform.

“Unfortunately, Democrats blew the opportunity the American people gave them. We took their mandate and put all of our focus on the wrong problem — health care reform,” Schumer said in a speech at the National Press Club. “We should have done it. We just shouldn’t have done it first.”

That drew a sharp retort from House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. “We come here to do a job, not keep a job,” she said in a statement to CNN. “There are more than 14 million reasons why that’s wrong,” she added — a pointed reference to the number of Americans now getting health insurance under Obamacare.

The feud is music to the ears of Republicans. “Democrats are trying to figure out what they believe and who they represent” is howconservative columnist Charles Krauthammer put it. That may be overstating matters — this isn’t the “civil war” Krauthammer describes — but Democrats clearly need to think about how and why they haven’t been connecting with voters lately.

Schumer and Pelosi are both partly right. There’s no question that the titanic battle to extend health care to the uninsured was always a matter of helping a minority of Americans to finally get benefits that 85% of us already enjoyed. Most people, anyway you look at it, did not need Obamacare themselves (although many had children and other relatives who benefited).

But as Pelosi and others pointedly reminded Schumer, getting health benefits to 14 million people is a titanic achievement that Democrats have been attempting for a generation. And the program helped Democrats make inroads with Latino voters, whose support for Obamacare helped the Democrats carry the White House and hold a Senate majority in 2012.

But the bickering on Capitol Hill misses an important point: The 2014 elections had the lowest turnout since World War II, meaning the issues and candidates that Democrats (and Republicans) put forward didn’t stir the overwhelming majority of voters. At the same time, activists have enjoyed far greater success shaping issues and putting them on the public agenda: a track record Democrats would do well to learn from.

On September 21, less than 60 days before the anemic-turnout election, more than 300,000 people marched in New York, according to an estimate by the organizers — and more than 2,600 events were staged in solidarity around the world — to call attention to the perils of climate change. On December 4, thousands of fast-food employees walked off the job in 190 cities across 35 states to demand better pay.

And we haven’t seen the end of nationwide civil rights demonstrations calling attention to controversial cases of police killing unarmed black boys and men. Athletes, politicians, at least one police chief, as well as the president of Harvard and dozens ofcongressional staff members have all made public displays of solidarity under the banner #BlackLivesMatter.

There’s no shortage of movements that have caught fire across the nation. If Democrats want to get beyond this year’s low-turnout losses, they should get serious about understanding why politically active Americans seem to be choosing picket lines over polling sites — and then tailor a message that can lead to victory in 2016 and beyond.

 

(source: CNN)

Errol Louis