10 Landmark Cases that Show How the NAACP LDF Reshaped Racial Justice
2015/04/28 –Ā As the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund marks its 75th anniversary,Ā The RootĀ looks back at the court rulings that defined its legacy.Ā
TheĀ NAACP Legal Defense and Educational FundĀ has been fighting for justice on behalf of African Americans for the past 75 years. Started in 1940 by its first director-counsel,Ā Thurgood Marshallāwho would go on to become the first African-American Supreme Court justiceāthe organization has been the legal arm of the civil rights movement, fighting for justice, equality and advocacy across the nation. (Though it shares part of its name with the NAACP, the LDF has been a separate organization since 1957.)Ā President BarackĀ Obama has called the organization āthe best civil rights law firm in American history.ā Here areĀ 10 of the many LDF casesĀ that have changed racial justice in America over the past 75 years.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
The case that led to the end of school segregation is the highlight of LDFās legal legacy. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court declared that the āseparate but equalā doctrine established byĀ Plessy v. FergusonĀ in 1896 was unconstitutional.Ā Brown v. Board of EducationĀ was actually five cases representing 13 plaintiffs in lawsuits against school districts in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware and Washington, D.C. More than 60 years after the landmark ruling,Ā the struggle against resegregation continues.
Griggs v. Duke Power
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InĀ Griggs v. Duke PowerĀ in 1971, Jack Greenberg, the LDFās second director-counsel, represented 13 employees from the Duke Power Co.ās Dan River Steam Station in Draper, N.C. Duke Power had been discriminating against its black employees on the basis of race and underpaying its African-American employees. In its decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Duke Power was in violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The courtās decision helped ensure that there are equal employment opportunities for individuals regardless of their race.
Smith v. Allwright
InĀ Smith v. Allwright,Ā the Supreme Court ruled in 1944 that the state of Texas was in violation of the 15thĀ Amendment by excluding African Americans from primary elections. Lonnie E. Smith, an African American in Harris County, Texas, sued for the right to vote in a Democratic Party primary, which challenged a state law that only allowed whites to vote in the primaries. Thurgood Marshall, who argued the case, called it one of his most important victories. Although the case was based in Texas, it had a major impact on race relations in the South and on African-American voter participation.
Browder v. GayleĀ
Though Rosa Parks is the name most closely associated with the 1955 Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott, 15-year-old Claudette ColvinĀ on March 2, 1955, became the first person arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus. Colvin and three other womenāAurelia Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smithāwere plaintiffs inĀ Browder v. Gayle,Ā a case that would ultimately lead to desegregation of city buses. The Supreme Courtās decision declared segregated seating on city buses unconstitutional and, in turn, ended the Montgomery bus boycott.
Meredith v. Fair
In 1961 James Meredith was accepted to the University of Mississippi, but his admission was withdrawn once it was discovered that he was black. Jack Greenberg and LDF attorney Constance Baker Motley represented Meredith inĀ Meredith v. Fair,Ā in which a federal court mandated that the university allow him to enroll.
Williams v. Wallace
InĀ Williams v. Wallace,Ā a federal court order allowed Martin Luther King Jr. and thousands of participants to take part in a five-day voting-rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Ala., in 1965. Civil rights icons Hosea Williams, John Lewis and Amelia Boynton were the plaintiffs on the case.
Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia; Boynton v. Virginia
Thurgood Marshall litigatedĀ Morgan v. VirginiaĀ in 1946, in which the Supreme Court struck down a law that required segregated seating on interstate buses in Virginia. The case was filed on behalf of Irene Morgan, who was ordered to sit at the back of the bus when she boarded in Virginia while on her way to Baltimore. Fourteen years later, the Supreme Court ruled inĀ Boynton v. Virginia,Ā also argued by the LDF,Ā that the Interstate Commerce Act prohibits racial discrimination in restaurants and waiting rooms in bus terminals. After several states ignored the rulings, a group of civil rights activists launched theĀ Freedom Rides on May 4, 1961, through the American South.
Ali v. The Division of State Athletic Commission; Clay v. United States
In 1970 the LDF represented Muhammad Ali inĀ Ali v. The Division of State Athletic Commission,Ā the federal case that restored his New York State boxing license. The courtās decision said that the state of New York violated Aliās constitutional rights by taking his boxing license after he refused to enter the military draft. A year later, the LDF also represented Ali inĀ Clay v. United States,Ā in which the Supreme Court overturned his 1967 conviction for refusing to join the military draft.
Source: The Root MagazineĀ